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                    <text>&lt;a href="https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=11739477" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;National Archives Australia, A1200/L42277&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Primary: Colonel Light Gardens Primary School, Adelaide (c1945–1951)</text>
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              <text>Teacher: Port Pirie High School, South Australia</text>
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              <text>Special Education Teacher: Berri, South Australia (c1962–1964)</text>
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              <text>Special Education Teacher: Whyalla, South Australia (early 1970s)</text>
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              <text>Pam grew up in Adelaide and attended Colonel Light Gardens Primary School and Unley High School, before taking up studies to become a primary school teacher. She remembered that she had ‘want[ed] to be a teacher for a long time’ and that she had a particular interest in special education. She won a scholarship for her teacher training and was bonded to the South Australian country town of Port Pirie. Although primary trained, Pam also taught in the high school as there were teacher shortages. During her time there, she was completed a ‘course for difficult and backward children’ and was invited to teach in the town of Berri in a Special Education role. Here she won a scholarship to become a teacher/psychologist, completing her degree with a psychology major followed by two years of on-the-job training. Pam gives a spirited account of the training she received as an apprentice, remembering that it was a ‘very lively, exciting place’ with ‘a lot of discussion’. Pam’s career in Special Education spanned four decades and involved a range of roles. These included as a remedial reading teacher in the 1960s, a teacher/psychologist and regional officer, involving travelling to outlying towns in the 1970s and then as a training supervisor for Special Education officers in the 1970s, ’80s and ’90s. In the 1970s, she suggests, ‘South Australia did lead Australia at that stage in offering education to students – in most other states they were excluded from school’, highlighting the leading role that South Australia played in Special Education. Pam notes the many changes that have occurred in the delivery of Special Education over the time she has worked in the field, observing shifts in values that guide this work, and the social and contextual shifts that have impacted the area. She laments the most recent narrowing of the role of Special Education workers, remembering that, ‘it was a joy of a job and I think you miss that if you’re just a psychologist wandering around looking for a few problems’.  </text>
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              <text>Port Pirie High School, South Australia, 1962. Photographer unknown. &lt;a href="https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=11739477" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;National Archives of Australia, A1200/L42277&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>&lt;a href="https://viewer.slv.vic.gov.au/?entity=IE1846802&amp;amp;mode=browse" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;State Library Victoria, H88.33/95&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Victoria* has been actively involved in educational change since becoming a teacher in the late 1960s. Her first teaching position was at Drouin High School where she was involved in development of materials for the internal assessment of Biology as responsibility for assessment began to be moved from predominantly external to mostly school-based. She remembers one of the influential figures in education at the time was Robert Reed, who in 1968 was Director of Secondary Education and phased out the Intermediate Certificate examinations and developed the ‘Ten Principles of Secondary Education’, which helped to guide reform. She recalls how this marked the end of segregated subjects such as woodwork and created foundations for greater equity in schools in which everyone had to have access to all subjects in the curriculum. 'Victoria went on to work in the Psychology Office of the Education Department in the 1970s, initially part-time while studying, and then taking on a full-time position that included some in-service training for teachers and some research work with Kyneton High School. Victoria remembers that the special annexe program initiated by the teachers at Kyneton High and supported by the Psychology Office of the Department of Education was highly successful: ‘It was really interesting to see that you could actually move a group of students to having better social relationships and more comfort with being around the school and so on’. She notes that the active progressive schools’ movement in Victoria was highly diverse, offering options for students who were disengaged socially, academically and emotionally from school and also options for more connected students and families wanting to push the boundaries of what education was about. She remembers it being an amazing time in education – ‘the sorts of things that you could do; it was incredible’. Victoria then joined the Australian Labor Party and in 1979 was involved in the Policy Committee for Youth, Sport and Recreation, initiating a subcommittee dealing with issues of youth unemployment and education. This subcommittee engaged with youth and developed a series of motions for the State Conference, enabling some substantial change in the ways education was structured and how it could better support all students. &#13;
&#13;
*A pseudonym</text>
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              <text>MacRobertson Girls High School, c1953–1965 (detail). Australian News and Information Bureau. &lt;a href="State%20Library%20Victoria,%20H88.33/95" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;State Library of Victoria, SLV_H88.33/95&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>&lt;a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/public-record-office-victoria/6287143107" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Public Record Office Victoria, VPRS 14514.P1.Unit 40&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Loris was born in Koo Wee Rup, southeast of Melbourne, Victoria. The family moved to Box Hill South in Melbourne when she was five and a half and she attended the local primary school. She was then recommended to Camberwell High School and finished her high schooling at University High. She remembers that Camberwell High felt very ‘homogenous’ compared with University High, where she met students from a range of cultural backgrounds. She found this diverse environment, the high quality teaching and the links with the University of Melbourne stimulating and exciting; she went on to study teaching at university. She remembers her first teaching experiences were when she was in primary school during World War II. When there were not enough teachers she would ‘supervise all the lower grades’ as they completed the work the principal had set them. Her first official teaching position was at the Ballarat School of Mines in 1957, where she taught in the girls’ part of the school, which had only recently opened. She notes that it was ‘a male-dominated institution’. There was no written curriculum to follow for her subjects of English or Social Studies so she was able to be quite creative. Over the next few decades Loris fulfilled the roles of mother, teacher and counsellor. Her experiences watching her own four children grow and learn informed much of her teaching at Montmorency High School. When her children were young she also trained as a Lifeline counsellor and worked at the Citizens’ Advice Bureau. While at Montmorency High School she worked closely with Olive Zacharov and eventually took over her position of student welfare coordinator. Loris notes the many changes that occurred in education during the seventies, such as the emergence of disruptive student behaviour and the beginning of differential teaching. She states that even among all the change and challenges of teaching: ‘I never regretted being in the classroom. I love teaching’.</text>
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                    <text>State Library Western Australia, &lt;a href="https://encore.slwa.wa.gov.au/iii/encore/record/C__Rb3388508__Sgovernor%20stirling%20high__Ff%3Afacetmediatype%3Av%3Av%3APhotograph%3A%3A__P0%2C3__Orightresult__X2?lang=eng&amp;amp;suite=def#attachedMediaSection" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;060792PD&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>State Library Western Australia, &lt;a href="https://encore.slwa.wa.gov.au/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2412062" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;340,682PD&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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&#13;
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              <text>Graham was educated in a range of locations in the 1950s and 1960s – for his primary and early secondary schooling, in the United Kingdom; on the ship when he returned to Australia with his family and, finally, in Perth. He remembers that when he was at secondary school in Perth, ‘they were just starting to introduce Malay and Japanese’ into the language program. He also remembers the influence of his science teacher, Sylvia Blytvich, who had a strong rapport with her students. Graham chose to pursue Science at the University of Western Australia and took up a scholarship for educational studies. He believes he wasn’t a particularly good teacher and, after three years of teaching in secondary schools in Western Australia, he decided to further his studies and move into the guidance area. Graham finished his psychology degree in 1975 and shortly after this he ‘saw in the education circular adverts for counselling assistants’. He was awarded a job and worked for the Guidance and Special Education Branch, participating in some further training in his first couple of years. His role included career and course advice, some personal counselling, testing of children referred with ‘problems’ and at one stage he also took on an extra role of driving instructor! In his first post as a Guidance Officer, Graham remembers that he ‘used to go to the State Film Library and borrow vocational films, and I’d put them on at lunchtime’ to inspire students to think about their career possibilities. Graham noticed many changes in the area of Guidance over his long career, including increased bureaucratic requirements, the separation of career counselling from the guidance role and the shift to Guidance Officers being ‘seen much more professionally competent these days, not just technical people, but you carve your own role’. </text>
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                    <text>Courtesy Barry Carrozzi, from his blog:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://inthismy70thyear.wordpress.com/2012/07/12/day-77-school-days-coburg-484-bubs-to-grade-6/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;em&gt;In This My 70th Year&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Courtesy Barry Carrozzi, from his blog:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://inthismy70thyear.wordpress.com/2012/07/12/day-77-school-days-coburg-484-bubs-to-grade-6/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;em&gt;In This My 70th Year&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>&lt;a href="http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/MAIN:Everything:SLV_VOYAGER2015093&amp;nbsp;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;State Library Victoria, H2009.153/17&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>&lt;a href="https://moreland.libero.com.au/libhist/WebOpac.cls?VERSION=2&amp;amp;ACTION=DISPLAY&amp;amp;RSN=817&amp;amp;DATA=MHD&amp;amp;TOKEN=U86HEHKdzv710&amp;amp;Z=1&amp;amp;SET=4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Moreland City Council, Brunswick Historical Society, 6746&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>&lt;a href="http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/MAIN:Everything:SLV_VOYAGER1672588"&gt;State Library Victoria, H2008.41/77&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;Barry decided when he was eleven that he wanted to be a teacher. This was quite an aberration in his family; his father was a labourer for the Board of Works and ‘no one in our extended family had ever been to university’. He received a studentship to the University of Melbourne, which he noted ‘was the only way working-class boys could get into the university in those days’. His first teaching position was at Glenroy Technical College where he taught English and Social Studies. He had a keen interest in remedial English teaching and, after four years at Glenroy Tech, he did a training year at the Psychology Branch. His teaching experience and training in psychology enabled him to develop an interest in pedagogy that involved the students in their classes rather than dictating to them: Barry encouraged the students to write and then use their writing as a basis for their reading. His career included many varied roles in education, curriculum and advocacy – he sat on the Committee for Teaching English to Remedial Students (CTERS) and later became executive officer; he wrote about English teaching; organised a set of readers to be written by ‘a whole bunch of prominent Australian writers’; and tutored remedial English at the University of Melbourne. He was also on the Victorian Association for the Teaching of English Committee and was president from 1978 to 1980. Barry observed much change in education during his career and noted the ‘decision to allow schools to develop their own curriculum’ as ‘the most dramatic change’. He also remembers there was a lot of ‘experimentation’ going on in the early 1970s and that there was recognition that ‘relationships are actually at the core of good teaching’.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more on Barry's life and careers, see his website: &lt;a href="https://inthismy70thyear.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;&lt;em&gt;In This My 70th Year&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <text>1. Barry Carozzi's Class at Bell Street Primary School, Grade 1B, 1949. &lt;span&gt;Photographer unknown. &lt;/span&gt;Courtesy &lt;a href="https://inthismy70thyear.wordpress.com/2012/07/12/day-77-school-days-coburg-484-bubs-to-grade-6/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Barry Carrozzi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Barry Carozzi's Class at Bell Street Primary School, Grade VIA, 1954. Photographer unknown. Courtesy &lt;a href="https://inthismy70thyear.wordpress.com/2012/07/12/day-77-school-days-coburg-484-bubs-to-grade-6/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Barry Carrozzi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Melbourne Teachers College, c1950s. Photographer unknown. &lt;a href="http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/MAIN:Everything:SLV_VOYAGER2015093%C2%A0"&gt;State Library Victoria, H2009.153/17&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;4. Looking east from Wiseman House to the Technical School Glenroy, 1956. Photographer unknown. &lt;a href="https://moreland.libero.com.au/libhist/WebOpac.cls?VERSION=2&amp;amp;ACTION=DISPLAY&amp;amp;RSN=817&amp;amp;DATA=MHD&amp;amp;TOKEN=U86HEHKdzv710&amp;amp;Z=1&amp;amp;SET=4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Moreland City Council, Brunswick Historical Society, 6746&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Aerial view of Essendon High School, c1950-1960. Photographer Charles Daniel Pratt, Airspy Collection. &lt;/span&gt;</text>
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              <text>Barry Carrozzi, &lt;em&gt;In this my 70th Year &lt;/em&gt;[web blog]: &lt;a href="https://inthismy70thyear.wordpress.com/"&gt;https://inthismy70thyear.wordpress.com/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>&lt;a href="https://encore.slwa.wa.gov.au/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2054602" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;State Library Western Australia, 008334D&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Lara de la Harpe,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://findingoldshanghai.wordpress.com/2016/09/26/blog-post-title/"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Finding the Old Shanghai&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, blog</text>
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              <text>Barbara was born in Shanghai in 1932 and spent much of her childhood in China and Hong Kong, being schooled within the English education system. She remembers that her childhood and schooling experiences were ‘not typical, but it has allowed me to, I think, get used to a whole range of different people; it doesn’t throw me’. Barb completed her Leaving Certificate in Perth and then studied for an Arts Degree, with a double major in English and Psychology, followed by a teaching qualification. Barb’s first teaching appointment was at Girdlestone Girls’ High School in Perth. She describes it as a ‘stretched out primary school’, as teachers tended to teach a range of subjects similar to primary teachers. In the mid 1950s Barb moved to Malaysia with her husband and spent thirteen years teaching there and in Singapore, before moving back to Perth in 1969. On her return she taught in a School for the Deaf in Cottesloe for a short time, working extensively with the parents to support them in teaching their children. She then decided to move into the Guidance area in schools and did a year of training at Swanbourne High School in 1971. After completing a Counselling Psychology course at WA Institute of Technology, Barb taught at another School for the Deaf, this time in a Guidance capacity. She moved to Chidley Education Centre, ‘a remedial centre for children in remote areas’, and then to Kwinana High School. After her three years at Kwinana, Barb applied for a promotion to senior education officer, which involved managing and coordinating guidance officers in the area. She then moved on to a position as district guidance officer, secondary services, in the south-east region. Barb reflects on the many issues related to gender, class and migration that she confronted in her various roles. And she talks about the collegiality within the Guidance area, remembering that ‘because we were a branch, we formed a very tight unit … I could ring thirty people up to get some help and say tell me what you think about this … which means that we’re exchanging ideas and so on all the time’. She also remembers that many people were engaged in the wider psychology sphere, reading journals and ‘wanting to do something different’. </text>
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              <text>1. Girdlestone High School, James Street, Perth, January 1951 (detail). Western Australia Government Photographer. &lt;a href="https://encore.slwa.wa.gov.au/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2054602" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;State Library Western Australia, 008334D&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;span&gt;Group of 13 senior students, St Catherine's, Waverley (interviewee not pictured), 1 November 1945 . Photographer Sam Hood. &lt;a href="http://archival.sl.nsw.gov.au/Details/archive/110007408" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;State Library New South Wales, Home and Away–11343&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Group of four senior students with their headmistress, St Catherine's, Waverley (interviewee not pictured), 1 November 1945. Photographer Sam Hood. &lt;a href="http://archival.sl.nsw.gov.au/Details/archive/110007408" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;State Library New South Wales, Home and Away–11349&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Cathedral Girls School, Shanghai, 2016. Photograph courtesy Lara de la Harpe. From &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://findingoldshanghai.wordpress.com/2016/09/26/blog-post-title/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Finding the Old Shanghai&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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